ChromosOmics - Database

Icon by Leon Liehr              

   - mFISH - CENTROMERIC & SINGLE COPY PROBES-    

SOME  FACTS

mFISH methods can be performed using locus-specific single-copy (i.e. cosmids, P1-clones, BACs, YACs) - as mentioned above for the “chromosome bar code” . Apart from applications for special scientific approaches like the characterization of chromosomal sub-regions using mFISH on chromosome fibers (fiber-FISH) [Duell et al., 1997; Conti et al., 2007] locus-specific probes are used in some special mFISH approaches, mostly without, sometimes together with centromeric probes. Also centromeric probes can be applied seperately in mFISH.
  • Duell T, Nielsen LB, Jones A, Young SG, Weier HU (1997) Construction of two near-kilobase resolution restriction maps of the 5' regulatory region of the human apolipoprotein B gene by quantitative DNA fiber mapping (QDFM). Cytogenet Cell Genet 79: 64-70.
  • Conti C, Herrick J, Bensimon A (2007) Unscheduled DNA replication origin activation at inserted HPV 18 sequences in a HPV-18/MYC amplicon. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 46:724-734.
  • Kosyakova N, Grigorian A, Liehr T, Manvelyan M, Simonyan I, Mkrtchyan H, Aroutiounian R, Polityko AD, Kulpanovich AI, Egorova T, Jaroshevich E, Frolova A, Shorokh N, Naumchik IV, Volleth M, Schreyer I, Nelle H, Stumm M, Wegner RD, Reising-Ackermann G, Merkas M, Brecevic L, Martin T, Rodríguez L, Bhatt S, Ziegler M, Kreskowski K, Weise A, Sazci A, Vorsanova S, Cioffi Mde B, Ergul E (2013) Heteromorphic variants of chromosome 9. Mol Cytogenet 6:14.
  • Malinverni AC, Colovati ME, Perez AB, Caneloi TP, Oliveira Jr HR, Kosyakova N, Liehr T, Hamid AB, Melaragnom MI (2016) Unusual duplication in the pericentric region of chromosome 9 in a patient with phenotypic alterations. Cytogenet Genome Res 150: 100-105.


subtel "multi-FISH" prenatal [&] PGD clin. CG
tumor CG mapping alphoid probes pod-FISH


mFISH using single copy probes Sub-telomeric probes

In up to 6% of patients with iodiopathic mental retardation cryptic subtelomeric translocations or deletions can be detected. The integration of subtelomeric probes in M-FISH has been suggested, because subtelomeric sequences are often underrepresented in whole chromosome painting probes.

  • Brown J, Horsley SW, Jung C, Saracoglu K, Janssen B, Brough M, Daschner M, Beedgen B, Kerkhoffs G, Eils R, Harris PC, Jauch A, Kearney L (2000) Identification of a subtle t(16;19)(p13.3;p13.3) in an infant with multiple congenital abnormalities using a 12-colour multiplex FISH telomere assay, M-TEL. Eur J Hum Genet 8: 903-910.
  • Brown J, Saracoglu K, Uhrig S, Speicher MR, Eils R, Kearney L (2001). Subtelomeric chromosome rearrangements are detected using 12-colour multiplex FISH assay (M-TEL). Nature Med 7(4), 5-9
  • Codina-Pascual M, Kraus J, Speicher MR, Oliver-Bonet M, Murcia V, Sarquella J, Egozcue J, Navarro J, Benet J (2004) Characterization of all human male synaptonemal complexes by subtelomere multiplex-FISH. Cytogenet Genome Res 107: 18-21.
  • Colleaux L, Heuertz S, Molinari F, Rio M. Fluorescence Genotyping for Screening Cryptic Telomeric Rearrangements. In: Molecular Cytogenetics - Protocols and Applications. Ed. Fan Y-S. pp 181-190.
  • Engels H, Ehrbrecht A, Zahn S, Bosse K, Vrolijk H, White S, Kalscheuer V, Hoovers JM, Schwanitz G, Propping P, Tanke HJ, Wiegant J, Raap AK (2003) Comprehensive analysis of human subtelomeres with combined binary ratio labelling fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Eur J Hum Genet. 11: 643-651.
  • Girirajan S, Rosenfeld JA, Cooper GM, Antonacci F, Siswara P, Itsara A, Vives L, Walsh T, McCarthy SE, Baker C, Mefford HC, Kidd JM, Browning SR, Browning BL, Dickel DE, Levy DL, Ballif BC, Platky K, Farber DM, Gowans GC, Wetherbee JJ, Asamoah A, Weaver DD, Mark PR, Dickerson J, Garg BP, Ellingwood SA, Smith R, Banks VC, Smith W, McDonald MT, Hoo JJ, French BN, Hudson C, Johnson JP, Ozmore JR, Moeschler JB, Surti U, Escobar LF, El-Khechen D, Gorski JL, Kussmann J, Salbert B, Lacassie Y, Biser A, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH, Deardorff MA, Shaikh TH, Haan E, Friend KL, Fichera M, Romano C, Gécz J, DeLisi LE, Sebat J, King MC, Shaffer LG, Eichler EE (2010) A recurrent 16p12.1 microdeletion supports a two-hit model for severe developmental delay. Nat Genet. 42:203-209.
  • Granzow M, Popp S, Keller M, Holtgreve-Grez H, Brough M, Schoell B, Rauterberg-Ruland I, Hager HD, Tariverdian G, Jauch A (2000) Multiplex FISH telomere integrity assay identifies an unbalanced cryptic translocation der(5)t(3;5)(q27;p15.3) in a family with three mentally retarded individuals. Hum Genet 107: 51-57.
  • Henegariu O, Artan S, Greally JM, Chen X-N, Korenberg JR, Vance GH, Stubbs L, Bray-Ward Pand, Ward DC (2001) Cryptic translocation identification in human and mouse using several telomeric multiplex FISH (TM-FISH) strategies. Lab Invest 81: 483-491.
  • Henegariu O, Dunai J, Chen XN, Korenberg JR, Ward DC, Greally JM (2001) A triple color FISH technique for mouse chromosome identification. Mamm Genome 12: 462-465.
  • Knight SJL, Flint J (2002) Multi-Telomere FISH. In: Molecular Cytogenetics - Protocols and Applications. Ed. Fan Y-S. pp 155-180.
  • Pettenati MJ, Von Kap-Herr C, Jackle B, Bobby P, Mowrey, Schwartz S, Rao, PN, Rosnes J (2002) Rapid interphase analysis for prenatal diagnosis of translocation carriers using subtelomeric probes. Prenat Diag 22: 193-197.
  • Popp S, Schulze B, Granzow M, Keller M, Holtgreve-Grez H, Schoell B, Brough M, Hager HD, Tariverdian G, Brown J, Kearney L, Jauch A (2002) Study of 30 patients with unexplained developmental delay and dysmorphic features or congenital abnormalities using conventional cytogenetics and multiplex FISH telomere (M-TEL) integrity assay. Hum Genet 111: 31-39.
  • Saracoglu K, Brown J, Kearney L, Uhrig S, Azofeifa J, Fauth C, Speicher MR, Eils R (2001) New concepts to improve resolution and sensitivity of molecular cytogenetic diagnostics by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cytometry 44: 7-15.
  • Stewenius Y, Tanke HJ, Wiegant J, Gisselsson D (2006) Cryptic terminal chromosome rearrangements in colorectal carcinoma cell lines detected by subtelomeric FISH analysis. Cytogenet Genome Res 114:257-262.
  • Pettenati MJ, Von Kap-Herr C, Jackle B, Bobby P, Mowrey, Schwartz S, Rao, PN, Rosnes J (2002) Rapid interphase analysis for prenatal diagnosis of translocation carriers using subtelomeric probes. Prenat Diag 22: 193-197.
  • Popp S, Schulze B, Granzow M, Keller M, Holtgreve-Grez H, Schoell B, Brough M, Hager HD, Tariverdian G, Brown J, Kearney L, Jauch A (2002) Study of 30 patients with unexplained developmental delay and dysmorphic features or congenital abnormalities using conventional cytogenetics and multiplex FISH telomere (M-TEL) integrity assay. Hum Genet 111: 31-39.
  • Steinberg KM, Antonacci F, Sudmant PH, Kidd JM, Campbell CD, Vives L, Malig M, Scheinfeldt L, Beggs W, Ibrahim M, Lema G, Nyambo TB, Omar SA, Bodo JM, Froment A, Donnelly MP, Kidd KK, Tishkoff SA, Eichler EE (2012) Structural diversity and African origin of the 17q21.31 inversion polymorphism. Nat Genet 44:872-880.
  • Stewenius Y, Tanke HJ, Wiegant J, Gisselsson D (2006) Cryptic terminal chromosome rearrangements in colorectal carcinoma cell lines detected by subtelomeric FISH analysis. Cytogenet Genome Res 114:257-262.
  • Rooms L, Reyniers E, Kooy RF( 2005) Subtelomeric rearrangements in the mentally retarded: a comparison of detection methods. Hum Mutat 25 :513-524.

“MultiFISH” assay


Simultaneous detection of microdeletion and contiguous gene-deletion syndromes Prader-Willi/Angelman- (15q11-13), Williams-Beuren- (7q11.23), Smith-Magenis- (17p11.2) and DiGeorge/velocardiofacial (22q11.2) syndromes .
  • Ligon AH, Beaudet AL, Shaffer LG (1997) Simultaneous, multilocus FISH analysis for detection of microdeletions in the diagnostic evaluation of developmental delay and mental retardation. Am J Hum Genet 61: 51-59.

mFISH in amniocytes and for PGD


  • Cowans NJ, Spencer K (2007) Is there an association between maternal ABO and rhesus blood groups and the first-trimester serum markers free beta-hCG and PAPP-A used for the detection of fetal aneuploidy? Prenat Diagn 27:64-67.
  • Eiben B, Trawicki W, Hammans W, Goebel R, Pruggmayer M, Epplen JT (1999) Rapid prenatal diagnosis of aneuploidies in uncultured amniocytes by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Evaluation of >3,000 cases. Fetal Diagn Ther 14: 193-197.
  • Fung J, Weier HU, Goldberg JD, Pedersen RA (2000) Multilocus genetic analysis of single interphase cells by spectral imaging. Hum Genet 107: 615-622.
  • Fung J, Weier H-U G, Pedersen RA, Zitzelsberger HF (2002) Spectral analysis of metaphase and interphase cells. In: FISH-Technology, Springer-labmanual, Springer, Berlin, pp 363-387, ISBN: 3-540-67276-1.
  • Harper JC, Wells D (1999) Recent advances and future developments in PGD. Prenat Diagn 19: 1193-1199.
  • Liehr T, Schreyer I, Neumann A, Beensen V, Ziegler M, Hartmann I, Starke H, Heller A, Nietzel A, Claussen U (2001) Two more pitfalls of rapid prenatal diagnostics using the interphase nuceli. Prenat Diagn 22: 497-499.
  • Liehr T, Nietzel A, Rocchi M, Heller A, Starke H, Claussen U, v Eggeling F (2002) Centromere-specific multicolor-FISH (cenM-FISH) followed by analysis for uniparental disomy - a useful tool in prenatal diagnosis. In: Early prenatal diagnosis, fetal cells and DNA in the mother - present state and perpectives. The Karolinum Press, Prag, pp 293-300, ISBN: 80-246-0397-7.
  • Liehr T, Beensen V, Hauschild R, Ziegler M, Hartmann I, Starke H, Heller A, Christine K, Matthias S, Wolfgang R, Martin H, Claussen U (2001) Pitfalls of rapid prenatal diagnostics in the interphase nucelus. Prenat Diagn 21: 419-421.Magli MC, Gianaroli L, Munne S, Ferraretti AP (1998) Incidence of chromosomal abnormalities from a morphologically normal cohort of embryos in poor-prognosis patients. J Assist Reprod Genet 15: 297-301.
  • Munné S, Sepulveda S, Balmaceda J, Fernandez E, Fabres C, Mackenna A, Lopez T, Crosby JA, Zegers-Hochschild F (2001) Selection of the most common chromosome abnormalities in oocytes prior to ICSI. Prenat Diagn 20: 582-586.
  • Nietzel A, Rocchi M, Starke H, Heller A, Fiedler W, Wlodarska I, Loncarevic I, Beensen V, Claussen U, Liehr T (2001) A new multicolor-FISH approach for the characterization of marker chromosomes: Centromere-specific multicolor-FISH (cenM-FISH). Hum Genet 108: 199-204.
  • Rodriguez de Alba M, Gonzales-Gonzales C, Palmino P, Lorda-Sanchez I, Trujillo MJ, Garcia-Hoyos M, Ayuso C, Diaz-Recasens J, Ramos C (2002) Three-year experience in the diagnosis on fetal cells in maternal blood. In: Early prenatal diagnosis, fetal cells and DNA in the mother - present state and perpectives. The Karolinum Press, Prag, pp 109-120, ISBN: 80-246-0397-7.
  • Thilaganathan B, Sairam S, Ballard T, Peterson C, Meredith R (2000) Effectiveness of prenatal chromosomal analysis using multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridisation. BJOG 107: 262-266.
  • Verlinsky Y, Kuliev A (2000) An Atlas of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: An illustrated textbook and reference for clinicians (The Encyclopedia of Visual Medicine Series), Parthenon Pub Group.
  • Weier JF, Ferlatte C, Baumgartner A, Jung CJ, Nguyen HN, Chu LW, Pedersen RA, Fisher SJ, Weier HU (2006) Molecular cytogenetic studies towards the full karyotype analysis of human blastocysts and cytotrophoblasts. Cytogenet Genome Res 114:302-311.
  • Wilton L (2002) Preimplantation genetic diagnostis for aneuploidy screening in early human embryos: a review. Prenat Diagn 22: 512-518.

multi-target mFISH for clinical cytogenetics

  • Guan J, Liu H, Shi X, Feng S, Huang B (2017) Tracking multiple genomic elements using correlative CRISPR imaging and sequential DNA FISH. Biophys J 112:1077-1084.
  • Kang JU, Koo SH, Kwon KC, Park JW, Jung SS (2008) Gain of the EGFR gene located on 7p12 is a frequent and early event in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 184:31-37.
  • Liehr T, Mrasek K, Starke H, Claussen U, Schreiber G (2005) Unusual small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) 9 in a Klinefelter patient. Cytogenet Genome Res 111: 179-181.
  • Liehr T, Brude E, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Konig R, Mrasek K, von Eggeling F, Starke H (2005) Prader-Willi syndrome with a karyotype 47,XY,+min(15)(pter->q11.1:) and maternal UPD 15--case report plus review of similar cases. Eur J Med Genet 48: 175-181.
  • Ogur G, Van Assche E, Liebaers I (2002) Preclinical work-up of preimplantation genetic diagnosis for chromosomal translocation carriers. In: Early prenatal diagnosis, fetal cells and DNA in the mother - present state and perpectives. The Karolinum Press, Prag, pp 236-253, ISBN: 80-246-0397-7.
  • Shimizu N, Maekawa M, Asai S, Shimizu Y (2015) Multicolor FISHs for simultaneous detection of genes and DNA segments on human chromosomes. Chromosome Res 23: 649-662.
  • Starke H, Nietzel A, Weise A, Heller A, Mrasek K, Belitz B, Kelbova C, Volleth M, Albrecht B, Mitulla B, Trappe R, Bartels I, Adolph S, Dufke A, Singer S, Stumm M, Wegner RD, Seidel J, Schmidt A, Kuechler A, Schreyer I, Claussen U, von Eggeling F, Liehr T (2003) Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs): genotype-phenotype correlation and classification. Hum Genet 114:51-67.
  • von Beust G, Sauter SM, Liehr T, Burfeind P, Bartels I, Starke H, von Eggeling F, Zoll B (2005) Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a de novo supernumerary ring chromosome 7 resulting in partial trisomy, tetrasomy, and hexasomy in a child with dysmorphic signs, congenital heart defect, and developmental delay. Am J Med Genet A 137: 59-64.
  • Weise A, Rittinger O, Starke H, Ziegler M, Claussen U, Liehr T (2003) De novo 9-break-event in one chromosome 21 combined with a microdeletion in 21q22.11 in a mentally retarded boy with short stature. Cytogenet Genome Res 103:14-16.
  • Yoshimoto M, Ludkovski O, DeGrace D, Williams JL, Evans A, Sircar K, Bismar TA, Nuin P, Squire JA (2012) PTEN genomic deletions that characterize aggressive prostate cancer originate close to segmental duplications. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 51:149-160

multi-target mFISH for tumor cytogenetics

  • Abo-Zeid MA, Liehr T, El-Daly SM, Gamal-Eldeen AM, Glei M, Shabaka A, Bhatt S, Hamid A (2013) Molecular cytogenetic evaluation of the efficacy of photodynamic therapy by Indocyanine Green in breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells. Photodiagn Photodynam Therapy 10:194-202.
  • Blandin AT, Mühlematter D, Bougeon S, Gogniat C, Porter S, Beyer V, Parlier V, Beckmann JS, van Melle G, Jotterand M (2008) Automated four-color interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization approach for the simultaneous detection of specific aneuploidies of diagnostic and prognostic significance in high hyperdiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 186:69-77.
  • Caraway NP, Thomas E, Khanna A, Payne L, Zhang HZ, Lin E, Keating MJ, Katz RL (2008) Chromosomal abnormalities detected by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization in fine-needle aspirates from patients with small lymphocytic lymphoma are useful for predicting survival. Cancer 114:315-322.
  • De Melo VA, Milojkovic D, Marin D, Apperley JF, Nacheva EP, Reid AG (2008) Deletions adjacent to BCR and ABL1 breakpoints occur in a substantial minority of chronic myeloid leukemia patients with masked Philadelphia rearrangements. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 182:111-115
  • Horsley SW, Colman S, McKinley M, Bateman CM, Jenney M, Chaplin T, Young BD, Greaves M, Kearney L (2008) Genetic lesions in a preleukemic aplasia phase in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 47:333-340.
  • Kang JU, Koo SH, Jeong TE, Kwon KC, Park JW, Jeon CH (2006) Multitarget fluorescence in situ hybridization and melanoma antigen genes analysis in primary bladder carcinoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 164: 32-38
  • Jin C, Jin Y, Gisselsson D, Wennerberg J, Wah TS, Stromback B, Kwong YL, Mertens F (2006) Molecular cytogenetic characterization of the 11q13 amplicon in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cytogenet Genome Res 115:99-106
  • Liou LS, Pettay JD, Tubbs RR (2002) Interphase fluorescence in-situ hybridization in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Front Biosci. 7: E27-32.
  • Nagai T, Okamura T, Yanase T, Chaya R, Moritoki Y, Kobayashi D, Akita H, Yasui T (2019) Examination of diagnostic accuracy of UroVysion fluorescence in situ hybridization for bladder cancer in a single community of Japanese hospital patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 20:1271-1273.
  • Saez B, Martin-Subero JI, Lahortiga I, Largo C, Larrayoz MJ, Odero MD, Prosper F, Cigudosa JC, Siebert R, Calasanz M (2007) Simultaneous translocations of FGFR3/MMSET and CCND1 into two different IGH alleles in multiple myeloma: lack of concurrent activation of both proto-oncogenes. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 175:65-68.
  • Yoshimoto M, Ludkovski O, Good J, Pereira C, Gooding RJ, McGowan-Jordan J, Boag A, Evans A, Tsao MS, Nuin P, Squire JA (2018) Use of multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect deletions in clinical tissue sections. Lab Invest 98:403-413.
  • Zhang YG, Bi XG, Han YL, Cai Y, Xu X, Wu YP, Yang YL, Ma JH, Zhao P, Jia XM, Wang MR (2007) [Detection of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization] Ai Zheng 26:189-193. Chinese.
  • Zhang S, Wang Y, Bondaruk J, Majewski T, Yao H, Lee S, Lee JG, Cogdell D, Lotan Y, Dinney C, Wei P, Baggerly K, Czerniak B (2018) Detection of bladder cancer in urine sediments by a novel multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (Quartet) test. Eur Urol Focus 2019 Jul;5(4):664-675.


mFISH used for mapping

  • Puget N, Gad S, Perrin-Vidoz L, Sinilnikova OM, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Lenoir GM, Mazoyer S (2002) Distinct BRCA1 rearrangements involving the BRCA1 pseudogene suggest the existence of a recombination hot spot. Am J Hum Genet 70: 858-865.
  • Zhou B, Mo X, Liu X, Qiu W, Yen Y (2001) Human ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit gene amplification and transcriptional regulation in a homogeneous staining chromosome region responsible for the mechanism of drug resistance. Cytogenet Cell Genet 95: 34-42.
  • Yang S, Illner D, Teller K, Solovei I, van Driel R, Joffe B, Cremer T, Eils R, Rohr K (2008) Structural analysis of interphase X-chromatin based on statistical shape theory. Biochim Biophys Acta 1783:2089-2099.

mFISH using alphoid / centromeric probes

  • Al-Achkar W, Wafa A, Assaad M, Ehlers C, Liehr T (2013) A unique case of female pseudohermaphroditism with 21-hydroxylase deficiency and small supernumerary marker chromosome 7. Mol Med Rep 2013, 7: 1545-1548.
  • Barber JC, Hall V, Maloney VK, Huang S, Roberts AM, Brady AF, Foulds N, Bewes B, Volleth M, Liehr T, Mehnert K, Bateman M, White H (2013) 16p11.2-p12.2 duplication syndrome; a genomic condition differentiated from euchromatic variation of 16p11.2. Eur J Hum Genet 21:182-189.
  • Brecevic L, Michel S, Starke H, Muller K, Kosyakova N, Mrasek K, Weise A, Liehr T (2006) Multicolor FISH used for the characterization of small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) in commercially available immortalized cell lines. Cytogenet Genome Res 114:319-324.
  • Gutiérrez-Mateo C, Benet J, Starke H, Oliver-Bonet M, Munné S, Liehr T, Navarro J (2005) Karyotyping of human oocytes by cenM-FISH, a new 24-colour centromere-specific technique. Hum Reprod 20:3395-3401.
  • Henegariu O, Bray-Ward P, Artan S, Vance GH, Qumsyieh M, Ward DC (2001) Small marker chromosome identification in metaphase and interphase using centromeric multiplex FISH (CM-FISH). Lab Invest 81: 475-481.
  • Ioannou D, Meershoek EJ, Thornhill AR, Ellis M, Griffin DK (2011) Multicolour interphase cytogenetics: 24 chromosome probes, 6 colours, 4 layers. Mol Cell Probes 25: 199-205.
  • Kitsiou-Tzeli S, Manolakos E, Lagou M, Kontodiou M, Kosyakova N, Ewers E, Weise A, Garas A, Orru S, Liehr T, Metaxotou A (2009) Characterization of a prenatally assessed de novo supernumerary minute ring chromosome 20 in a phenotypically normal male. Mol Cytogenet 2:1.
  • König K, Göhlert A, Liehr T, Loncarevic IF, Riemann I (2000a) Two-Photon Multicolor FISH: a versatile technique to detect specific sequences with in single DNA molecules in cells and tissues. Single Molecules 1: 41-51.
  • König K, Riemann I, Fischer P, Halbhuber KJ (2000b) Multiplex FISH and three-dimensional DNA imaging with near infrared femtosecond laser pulses. Histochem Cell Biol 114:337-345.
  • Langer S, Fauth C, Rocchi M, Murken J, Speicher M (2001) AcroM fluorescent in situ hybridization analyses of marker chromosomes. Hum Genet 109: 152-158.
  • Lian J, Yin Y, Oliver-Bonet M, Liehr T, Ko E, Turek P, Sun F, Martin RH (2008) Variation in crossover interference levels on individual chromosomes from human males. Hum Mol Genet 17:2583-2594.
  • Liehr T, Nietzel A, Rocchi M, Heller A, Starke H, Claussen U, v Eggeling F (2002) Centromere-specific multicolor-FISH (cenM-FISH) followed by analysis for uniparental disomy - a useful tool in prenatal diagnosis. In: Early prenatal diagnosis, fetal cells and DNA in the mother - present state and perpectives. The Karolinum Press, Prag, pp 293-300, ISBN: 80-246-0397-7.
  • Liehr T, Nietzel A, Starke H, Heller A, Weise A, Kuechler A, Senger G, Ebner S, Martin T, Stumm M, Wegner R, Tönnies H, Hoppe C, Claussen U, von Eggeling F (2003) Characterization of small marker chromosomes (SMC) by recently developed molecular cytogenetic approaches. J Ass Genet Techn 29: 5-10.
  • Liehr T, Mrasek K, Starke H, Claussen U, Schreiber G (2005) Unusual small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) 9 in a Klinefelter patient. Cytogenet Genome Res 111: 179-181.
  • Liehr T, Brude E, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Konig R, Mrasek K, von Eggeling F, Starke H (2005) Prader-Willi syndrome with a karyotype 47,XY,+min(15)(pter->q11.1:) and maternal UPD 15--case report plus review of similar cases. Eur J Med Genet 48: 175-181.
  • Liehr T, Klein E, Mrasek K, Kosyakova N, Guilherme RS, Aust N, Venner C, Weise A, Hamid AB (2013) Clinical impact of somatic mosaicism in cases with small supernumerary marker chromosomes. Cytogenet Genome Res 139: 158-163.
  • Liehr T, Cirkovic S, Lalic T, Guc-Scekic M, de Almeida C, Weimer J, Iourov I, Melaragno MI, Guilherme RS, Stefanou EG, Aktas D, Kreskowski K, Klein E, Ziegler M, Kosyakova N, Volleth M, Hamid AB (2013) Complex small supernumerary marker chromosomes - an update. Mol Cytogenet 6:46.
  • Moskovszky L, Szuhai K, Krenács T, Hogendoorn PC, Szendroi M, Benassi MS, Kopper L, Füle T, Sápi Z (2009) Genomic instability in giant cell tumor of bone. A study of 52 cases using DNA ploidy, relocalization FISH, and array-CGH analysis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 48:468-479.
  • Nietzel A, Rocchi M, Starke H, Heller A, Fiedler W, Wlodarska I, Loncarevic I, Beensen V, Claussen U, Liehr T (2001) A new multicolor-FISH approach for the characterization of marker chromosomes: Centromere-specific multicolor-FISH (cenM-FISH). Hum Genet108: 199-204.
  • Oliver-Bonet M, Liehr T, Nietzel A, Heller A, Starke H, Claussen U, Codina-Pascual M, Pujol A, Abad C, Egozcue J, Navarro J, Benet J (2003) Karyotyping of human synaptonemal complexes by cenM-FISH. Eur J Hum Genet 11:879-83
  • Oliver-Bonet M, Benet J, Sun F, Navarro J, Abad C, Liehr T, Starke H, Greene C, Ko E, Martin RH (2005) Meiotic studies in two human reciprocal translocations and their association with spermatogenic failure. Hum Reprod 20:683-688.
  • Oliver-Bonet M, Benet J, Martin RH (2006) Studying meiosis: a review of FISH and M-FISH techniques used in the analysis of meiotic processes in humans. Cytogenet Genome Res 114:312-318.
  • Ou J, Wang W, Liehr T, Klein E, Hamid AB, Wang F, Duan C, Li H (2013) Characterization of three small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) in humans. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 26:106-108.
  • Rubes J, Lowe X, Moore D, Perreault S, Slott V, Evenson D, Selevan SG, Wyrobek AJ (1998) Smoking cigarettes is associated with increased sperm disomy in teenage men. Fertil Steril 70: 715-723.
  • Sarova I, Brezinova J, Zemanova Z, Ransdorfova S, Izakova S, Svobodova K, Pavlistova L, Berkova A, Cermak J, Jonasova A, Siskova M, Michalova K (2016) Molecular cytogenetic analysis of dicentric chromosomes in acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 43: 51-57.
  • Starke H, Nietzel A, Weise A, Heller A, Mrasek K, Belitz B, Kelbova C, Volleth M, Albrecht B, Mitulla B, Trappe R, Bartels I, Adolph S, Dufke A, Singer S, Stumm M, Wegner RD, Seidel J, Schmidt A, Kuechler A, Schreyer I, Claussen U, von Eggeling F, Liehr T (2003) Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs): genotype-phenotype correlation and classification. Hum Genet 114:51-67.
  • Starke H, Mrasek K, Liehr T (2005) Three cases with enlarged acrocentric p-arms and two cases with cryptic partial trisomies. J Histochem Cytochem 53:359-360.
  • Sun F, Oliver-Bonet M, Liehr T, Starke H, Trpkov K, Ko E, Rademaker A, Martin RH (2005) Discontinuities and unsynapsed regions in meiotic chromosomes have a cis effect on meiotic recombination patterns in normal human males. Hum Mol Genet 14:3013-3018.
  • Sun F, Oliver-Bonet M, Liehr T, Starke H, Turek P, Ko E, Rademaker A, Martin RH (2006) Analysis of non-crossover bivalents in pachytene cells from 10 normal men. Hum Reprod 21:2335-2339.
  • Sun F, Oliver-Bonet M, Liehr T, Starke H, Turek P, Ko E, Rademaker A, Martin RH (2006) Variation in MLH1 distribution in recombination maps for individual chromosomes from human males. Hum Mol Genet 15:2376-2391.
  • Sun F, Oliver-Bonet M, Liehr T, Starke H, Ko E, Rademaker A, Martin RH (2007) Discontinuities and unsynapsed regions in meiotic chromosomes have a trans effect on meiotic recombination of some chromosomes in human males. Cytogenet Genome Res 119:27-32.
  • Sun F, Mikhaail-Philips M, Oliver-Bonet M, Ko E, Rademaker A, Turek P, Martin RH (2008) The relationship between meiotic recombination in human spermatocytes and aneuploidy in sperm. Hum Reprod 23:1691-1697.
  • Uroz L, Liehr T, Mrasek K, Templado C (2009) CenM-FISH on human spermatocyte I and II metaphases. Hum Reprod 24:2029-2033.
  • von Beust G, Sauter SM, Liehr T, Burfeind P, Bartels I, Starke H, von Eggeling F, Zoll B (2005) Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a de novo supernumerary ring chromosome 7 resulting in partial trisomy, tetrasomy, and hexasomy in a child with dysmorphic signs, congenital heart defect, and developmental delay. Am J Med Genet A 137: 59-64.
  • von Eggeling F, Hoppe C, Bartz U, Starke H, Houge G, Claussen U, Ernst G, Kotzot D, Liehr T (2002) Maternal uniparental disomy 12 in a healthy girl with a 47,XX,+der(12)(:p11-->q11:)/46,XX karyotype. J Med Genet 39: 519-521.
  • Weier JF, Hartshorne C, Nguyen HN, Baumgartner A, Polyzos AA, Lemke KH, Zeng H, Weier HU (2013) Analysis of human invasive cytotrophoblasts using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization. Methods 64: 160-168.
  • Yurov YB, Soloviev IV, Vorsanova SG, Marcais B, Roizes G, Lewis R (1996) High resolution multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization using cyanine and fluorescein dyes: rapid chromosome identification by directly fluorescently labeled alphoid DNA probes. Hum Genet 97: 390-398.


parental origin determination FISH (pod-FISH)

  • Mkrtchyan H, Gross M, Hinreiner S, Polytiko A, Manvelyan M, Mrasek K, Kosyakova N, Ewers E, Nelle H, Liehr T, Bhatt S, Thoma K, Gebhart E, Wilhelm S, Fahsold R, Volleth M, Weise A (2010) The human genome puzzle - the role of copy number variation in somatic mosaicism. Curr Genomics 11:426-431.
  • Mkrtchyan H, Gross M, Hinreiner S, Polytiko A, Manvelyan M, Mrasek K, Kosyakova N, Ewers E, Nelle H, Liehr T, Volleth M, Weise A (2010) Early embryonic chromosome instability results in stable mosaic pattern in human tissues. PLoS One 5:e9591.
  • Polityko AD, Khurs OM, Kulpanovich AI, Mosse KA, Solntsava AV, Rumyantseva NV, Naumchik IV, Liehr T, Weise A, Mkrtchyan H (2009) Paternally derived der(7)t(Y;7)(p11.1 approximately 11.2;p22.3)dn in a mosaic case with Turner syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 52:207-210.
  • Weise A, Gross M, Mrasek K, Mkrtchyan H, Horsthemke B, Jonsrud C, Von Eggeling F, Hinreiner S, Witthuhn V, Claussen U, Liehr T (2008) Parental-origin-determination fluorescence in situ hybridization distinguishes homologous human chromosomes on a single-cell level. Int J Mol Med 21:189-200.
  • Weise A, Gross M, Hinreiner S, Witthuhn V, Mkrtchyan H, Liehr T (2010) POD-FISH: a new technique for parental origin determination based on copy number variation polymorphism. Methods Mol Biol 659:291-298.